Abstract: Abstract: Objective：To study the effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the hippocampus ultrastructure of temporal lobe epilepsy（TLE）, by observing the pathological lesions of neurons, nerve fibers, synapses, glial cells and capillaries of TLE rats hippocampus with electron microscopy. Methods：Lithium-pilocarpine induced TLE rat models were randomly divided into two groups, TLE group and rTMS group. The ultrastructural changes in hippocampus of both groups were viewed with electron microscope. Results：TLE has significant pathological damage in the hippocampus ultrastructure, including neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, nuclear condensation, chromatin aggregation, mitochondrial cristae fracture, processes of nerve cells and glial cells edema, local medullary sheath of nerve fibers degradation, microtubule and microfilaments of axoplasm disarrangement, vascular endothelial cells swelling, glial cells demage. rTMS treatment can significantly improve the pathological damage, including relieving of tissue edema, reducing of apoptosis and damage cells, decreasing of synaptic and neuropil lesions, and alleviating of angioedema. Conclusion：TMS can relieve the pathological damage of TLE in the hippocampus ultrastructure and have neural protective effects in TLE.

Key words: repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Temporal lobe epilepsy, Hippocampus, Electron microscopy, Ultrastructure