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15 May 2024, Volume 52 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Cell and Molecular Biology
Experimental Research
Clinical Research
Applied Research
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Cell and Molecular Biology

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Transcriptional regulation of TFAP2A on glomerulosclerosis-related gene ADCK4 ZHANG Xiaotian, REN Xianguo 2024, 52 (5):  449-453.  doi: 10.11958/20231028 Abstract ( 288 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1187KB) ( 108 )   Objective To exploring the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of TFAP2A on glomerulosclerosis-related gene aarF structural domain-containing kinase 4 (ADCK4) in cells and the specific binding region between TFAP2A and ADCK4. Methods Bioinformatics was used to analyze volcano map of glomerulosclerosis genes, and the relationship between ADCK4 and TFAP2A expression levels. JASPAR database was used to predict that ADCK4 gene transcription start site -464 bp/+206 bp region containing TFAP2A transcription factor binding site. TFAP2A siRNA concentrations were 5, 10 and 15 μmol/L, and the mass concentrations of TFAP2A overexpression plasmid were 50, 100 and 300 μg/L, respectively. The regulatory effect of TFAP2A on the promoter level of the ADCK4 gene was verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. TFAP2A siRNA and TFAP2A overexpression plasmid were used to transfect cells. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect TFAP2A and ADCK4 mRNA expression. Protein immunoblotting assay was used to detect TFAP2A and ADCK4 protein expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to confirm TFAP2A binding to a specific region of the ADCK4 promoter. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that 273 genes were up-regulated and 219 genes were down-regulated. The expression levels of ADCK4 and TFAP2A were positively correlated (P<0.01). Dual luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated that the relative luciferase activity of ADCK4 promoter was enhanced with TFAP2A siRNA concentrations of 10 and 15 μmol/L, and that the luciferase activity of ADCK4 promoter was reduced when TFAP2A overexpression plasmid mass concentrations of 100 and 300 μg/L (P < 0.05). ADCK4 mRNA and protein expression levels were increased in the TFAP2A siRNA group compared with the control siRNA group. ADCK4 mRNA and protein expression levels were decreased in the TFAP2A overexpression plasmid group compared with the pENTER plasmid group (P<0.05). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that TFAP2A can bind to specific regions of ADCK4 promoter. Conclusion Negative regulation of ADCK4 gene expression by the transcription factor TFAP2A increases the number of transcription factor members that regulate genes important for podocytes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of breast cancer cell conditioned medium on biological behavior of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells LIU Danyang, LI Yongtao, ZHANG Haiyan, LI Lin, LIU Yang, SHEN Lei 2024, 52 (5):  454-458.  doi: 10.11958/20231487 Abstract ( 355 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (3141KB) ( 87 )   Objective To explore effects of MCF-7 breast cancer cell conditioned medium on proliferation, apoptosis and migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and its molecular mechanism. Methods BMSC cultured under normal environment was used as the control group. BMSC cultured with MCF-7 cell conditioned medium was selected as the MCF-7 conditioned medium group. The MCF-7 conditioned medium group supplemented with 10 nmol/L GSK690693 (Akt inhibitor) was used as the Akt inhibitor group. The MCF-7 conditioned medium group added with 10 μmol/L Reparixin (CXCR1/2 inhibitor) was used as the CXCR1/2 inhibitor group. BMSC proliferation was detected by MTT assay. Annexin V-FITC/PI double labeled flow cytometry was used to detect BMSC apoptosis rate in each group. Transwell cell migration assay was used to detect the migration ability of BMSC in each group. The contents of interleukin (IL)-8 protein in two kinds of cell culture supernatant and MCF-7 cell conditioned medium were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein expression levels of protein kinase B (Akt)/phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) in BMSC of each group were detected by Western blot assay. Results Compared with the control group, cell proliferation level, migration number and the relative expression levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR protein of BMSC were increased in the MCF-7 conditioned medium group, and the apoptosis rate was decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the MCF-7 conditioned medium group, cell proliferation level, migration number and the relative expression levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR protein of BMSC were decreased in the CXCR1/2 inhibitor group and the Akt inhibitor group, and the apoptosis rate was increased (P<0.05). The contents of IL-8 protein in MCF-7 cell conditioned medium and MCF-7 culture supernatant were higher than that in the BMSC culture supernatant (P<0.05). Conclusion MCF-7 cell conditioned medium promotes BMSC proliferation and migration and inhibits BMSC apoptosis by activating Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, in which IL-8-CXCR1/2 axis plays a key role. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Experimental Research

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Changes in peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and related factors after peripheral nerve injury in rats ZHAO Bin, ZHAO Zhihu, LUO Wei, MA Jianxiong, MA Xinlong 2024, 52 (5):  459-462.  doi: 10.11958/20231111 Abstract ( 308 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (818KB) ( 123 )   Objective To study changes and correlation of peripheral bold endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and serum bFGF, VEGF and MMP-9 in rats with peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Methods Forty-two SD rats were divided into the control group, the PNI 1 d group, the PNI 3 d group, the PNI 5 d group, the PNI 7 d group and the PNI 14 d group according to random number table method, with 7 rats in each group. The sciatic nerve injury model was established in all groups except the control group. In each group, blood samples were collected by living heart puncture at a predetermined time point. Mononuclear cells were extracted by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. CD34 and CD133 double positive cells were labeled with EPCs, and the number of EPCs in each group was detected by flow cytometry. The contents of bFGF, VEGF and MMP-9 in peripheral blood of each group were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the correlation between the number of EPCs and bFGF, VEGF and MMP-9 was analyzed. Results Compared with the control group, EPCs in peripheral blood were increased in the PNI 3 d group, the PNI 5 d group and PNI 7 d group. bFGF contents in peripheral blood were increased in the PNI 3 d group, the PNI 5 d group, the PNI 7 d group and the PNI 14 d group, and VEGF contents in peripheral blood were increased in the other groups. The content of MMP-9 in peripheral blood was increased in the PNI 5 d group, the PNI 7 d group and the PNI 14 d group (P<0.05). The number of EPCs in peripheral blood in the PNI 5 d group and the PNI 7 d group was positively correlated with serum bFGF level (r=0.784 and 0.788, P<0.05) and serum VEGF level (r=0.889 and 0.852, P<0.05). The number of EPCs in peripheral blood of the PNI 5 d group, the PNI 7 d group and the PNI 14 d group was positively correlated with serum MMP-9 level (r=0.788, 0.852 and 0.873, P<0.05), and it was positively correlated with serum VEGF level (r=0.889 and 0.852, P<0.05). The number of EPCs in peripheral blood was positively correlated with serum MMP-9 level in the PNI 5 d group, the PNI 7 d group and the PNI 14 d group (r=0.788, 0.852 and 0.873, P<0.05). Conclusion EPCs, bFGF, VEGF and MMP-9 are involved in the pathophysiological process of blood supply repair after PNI. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The mechanism of Du meridian electroacupuncture regulating cystine/glutamate reverse transporter to improve limb spasm after stroke ZHANG Lihong, LI Ruiqing, WANG Yiying, MEI Jinjin, SU Kaiqi, GU Changyu, HUANG Mengling 2024, 52 (5):  463-468.  doi: 10.11958/20231330 Abstract ( 282 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (853KB) ( 81 )   Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of Du meridian electroacupuncture on cystine/glutamate reverse transporter [System Xc (-)] in cerebral cortex of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model rats. Methods A total of 60 SPF male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the blank group, the sham operation group and the model group. The blank group did not do any treatment, the sham operation group only separated the blood vessels and the model group was prepared by middle cerebral artery embolization for MCAO/R rat model. On the third day after operation, Zea-Longa neurological deficit score, muscle tension evaluation and electrophysiological tracing were used to screen rats with limb spasm. After successful modeling, rats was randomly divided into the model group and the Du meridian electroacupuncture group. The Du meridian electroacupuncture group began treatment on the third day after operation, once a day for 7 days. After the end of treatment, the neurological function and muscle tension recovery were evaluated again. TTC staining was used to measure the cerebral infarction volume. The brain water content of rats in each group was detected by wet and dry weight method. The concentrations of glutamic acid (Glu), cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) in cerebral cortex were detected by colorimetric assay kit. Western blot assay and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to detect the expression of SLC7A11, SLC3A2, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and glutathione synthetase (GSS) in cerebral cortex at the protein level and gene level, respectively. Results Compared with the model group, the neurological deficit score and modified Ashworth score were decreased in the Du meridian electroacupuncture group, the EMG signal value was enhanced, the brain water content was decreased, the degree of cerebral infarction was restored, the contents of Cys and GSH were significantly increased, the expression levels of SLC7A11, SLC3A2, γ-GCS and GSS protein and mRNA were significantly increased, and the concentration of Glu was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion Du meridian electroacupuncture can improve the degree of neurological impairment and limb spasm in rats after stroke. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of System Xc (-) and improving oxidative stress. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Astragaloside inhibits Fas/FasL signaling pathway to reduce neural dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis in traumatic brain injury of rats CHEN Huigang, CHI Xiaofeng, FENG Di, MI Yali 2024, 52 (5):  469-474.  doi: 10.11958/20231226 Abstract ( 283 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1233KB) ( 259 )   Objective To explore the effects of astragaloside on neural dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats through Fas/FasL signaling pathway. Methods Fifty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the sham operation group, the model group, the astragaloside group (20 mg/kg), the Fas silencing group [4 μg Fas small interfering RNA (siRNA) lentiviral vector] and the astragaloside+Fas silencing group (20 mg/kg astragaloside+4 μg Fas siRNA lentiviral vector). Each group consisted of 10 rats. Except the sham operation group, the other groups of rats were established TBI rat model. Each group was received medication intervention according to the corresponding dosage, once a day, for 7 days. Water maze test was used to detect the nerve function defect in rats. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect expression levels of Fas and FasL messenger RNA (mRNA) in brain tissue. Hematoxylin-eosin, β-tubulin III (Tuj1) immunofluorescence and TUNEL staining were used to observe pathological changes, neuronal activity and apoptosis of brain tissue, respectively. Western blot assay was used to detect expression levels of Fas/FasL pathway, Caspase-3, Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and B lymphoblastoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein in brain tissue. Results Compared with the sham operation group, the cell gap was increased and degeneration was obvious in brain tissue in the model group. The escape latency of rats on days 1-5, neuronal apoptosis rate, Caspase-3, Bax protein, Fas, FasL mRNA and protein levels were increased (P<0.05). The number of times crossing platforms, the number of Tuj1 positive cells and Bcl-2 protein were decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, in the astragaloside group and the Fas silencing group, the cell gap in brain tissue was narrowed and degeneration was reduced, the escape latency of rats on days 1-5, neuronal apoptosis rate, Caspase-3, Bax protein, Fas, FasL mRNA and protein levels were decreased, and the number of crossing platforms, the number of Tuj1 positive cells and Bcl-2 protein level were increased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in pathological changes of brain and the above indexes between the astragaloside group and the Fas silencing group (P>0.05). Compared with the astragaloside group and the Fas silencing group, the pathological damage of brain tissue of rats was further reduced in the astragaloside+Fas silencing group, neuronal apoptosis rate, Caspase-3, Bax protein, Fas, FasL mRNA and protein levels were decreased, and the number of Tuj1 positive cells and Bcl-2 protein were increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Astragaloside may reduce nerve function deficit and neuronal apoptosis in TBI rats by inhibiting Fas/FasL signaling pathway mediated apoptosis pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of remimazolam on myocardial injury in rats with acute myocardial infarction by regulating the EPAC1/RAP1 signaling pathway XIAO Jinliang, WANG Weilian, DAN Jiapeng 2024, 52 (5):  475-479.  doi: 10.11958/20230890 Abstract ( 287 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1129KB) ( 592 )   Objective To investigate the effect of remimazolam on myocardial injury in rats with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by regulating exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC1)/RAS-related protein 1 (RAP1) signaling pathway. Methods Rats were divided into the sham operation group, the model group, the remazolam group and the remazolam+8-CPT (EPAC1 agonist) group according to random number table method, with 20 rats in each group. Except for the sham operation group, AMI rat model was constructed by ligation of left anterior descending branch in the other groups. Ultrasonic apparatus for small animals was applied to detect cardiac function indicators. HE staining was applied to detect the pathological condition of myocardial tissue. Chemical colorimetry was applied to detect levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in myocardial tissue of rats. JC-1 staining method was applied to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential of rat cardiomyocytes. TUNEL staining was used to detect the TUNEL positive rate of myocardial cells. Western blot assay was applied to detect expression levels of EPAC1, RAP1 and Caspase-3 proteins in myocardial tissue. Results Compared with the sham operation group, the myocardial tissue structure of rats in the model group was severely damaged and infiltrated with a large number of inflammatory cells. Cardiac function indicators left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), myocardial tissue MDA level, myocardial cell TUNEL positive rate, and myocardial tissue EPAC1, RAP1 and Caspase-3 protein expression levels were obviously increased, and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fraction shortening (LVFS), myocardial tissue SOD level, cardiomyocytes mitochondrial membrane potential were obviously decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the myocardial tissue structure of rats in the ramazolam group was obviously restored, and inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced. The cardiac function indicators LVEDD, LVESD, myocardial tissue MDA level, myocardial cell TUNEL positive rate, and myocardial tissue EPAC1, RAP1 and Caspase-3 protein expression levels were obviously decreased, and LVEF, LVFS, myocardial tissue SOD level, cardiomyocytes mitochondrial membrane potential were obviously increased (P<0.05). Agonists of EPAC1 attenuated the mitigating effect of remazolam on myocardial injury in AMI rats. Conclusion Remimazolam may inhibit the EPAC1/RAP1 signaling pathway, inhibit myocardial cell apoptosis and alleviate myocardial injury in AMI rats. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impacts of alpinetin on angiogenesis in knee osteoarthritis rats by regulating the VEGF/SphK1/S1P signaling pathway LUO Kun, WANG Zhi, WANG Ke 2024, 52 (5):  480-485.  doi: 10.11958/20230892 Abstract ( 283 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1280KB) ( 74 )   Objective To investigate effects of alpinetin (APT) on angiogenesis in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) rats by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor/sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1 phosphate (VEGF/SphK1/S1P) signaling pathway. Methods The KOA rat model was established by Videman method. Ninety rats were grouped into the control group, the model group, the low-dose kaempferol group (L-APT group), the high-dose kaempferol group (H-APT group), the high-dose kaempferol group+lentivirus negative control group (APT+NC group) and high-dose kaempferol+overexpression of SphK1 lentivirus group (APT+SphK1 group), with 15 rats in each group. Pathological changes of cartilage tissue in rats were observed by HE staining. Contents of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MMP-13 in cartilage tissue were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Chondrocyte apoptosis of cartilage tissue cells was detected by TUNEL. VEGF and CD31 protein positive expression levels were detected by immunohistochemistry assay. The p-VEGFR2, VEGFR2, SphK1 and S1P protein levels were detected by Western blot assay. Results Rats in the model group showed pathological damage. Compared with the control group, the apoptosis rate, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-13 levels, VEGF positive expression, CD31 positive expression, p-VEGFR2, SphK1 and S1P protein expression levels were increased in the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the pathological damage was obviously reduced in the L-APT group and the M-APT group, and cell apoptosis rate, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-13 levels, VEGF positive expression, CD31 positive expression, p-VEGFR2, SphK1 and S1P protein expression levels were obviously reduced (P<0.05). Compared with the APT+NC group, the pathological injury of cartilage tissue increased in the APT+SphK1 group, cell apoptosis rate, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-13 levels, VEGF positive expression, CD31 positive expression, p-VEGFR2, SphK1 and S1P protein expression levels were obviously increased (P<0.05). Conclusion APT inhibits angiogenesis in knee osteoarthritis rats by inhibiting the VEGF/SphK1/S1P signaling pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Research

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Construction of acquired weakness risk prediction model in intensive care unit WANG Ling, LONG Dengyan 2024, 52 (5):  486-489.  doi: 10.11958/20231011 Abstract ( 295 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (795KB) ( 157 )   Objective To construct a risk prediction model for intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) to guide clinical prevention and treatment strategies. Methods The correlation between gender, age, age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (aCCI), injecting albumin, heart failure, rehabilitation treatment, midazolam dosage, norepinephrine dosage and mechanical ventilation duration in 1 063 patients admitted to the intensive care unit was analyzed. Independent risk factors were identified to establish the prediction model, and the predictive ability of the model was analyzed. Results Among 1 063 patients, 370 developed ICU-AW. Logistic regression analysis identified advanced age, higher aCCI, prolonged mechanical ventilation duration, increased midazolam and norepinephrine dosages, and heart failure as independent risk factors for ICU-AW, while rehabilitation treatment and injecting albumin were identified as independent protective factors. The regression equation of the prediction model was: Logit (P) = 0.017 × age + 0.008 × mechanical ventilation duration + 0.006 × norepinephrine dosage - 0.832 × rehabilitation treatment - 0.648 × injecting albumin + 1.224 × aCCI + 0.017 × midazolam dosage + 1.834 × heart failure - 6.806. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was 0.908 (0.890-0.925), with the sensitivity of 82.20% and specificity of 82.40%. Conclusion The model constructed using these variables demonstrates good predictive efficiency and can provide new insights for clinical prevention and treatment of ICU-AW. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of low depth whole genome sequencing technology in the diagnosis of genetic etiology of recurrent spontaneous abortion JI Zhen, LI Xiaozhou, WANG Xiuyan, LIU Lanze, MENG Fanrong, JU Duan 2024, 52 (5):  490-494.  doi: 10.11958/20231247 Abstract ( 268 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (808KB) ( 72 )   Objective To investigate the application value and significance of low depth genome-wide copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) in the diagnosis of genetic etiology of recurrent spontaneous abortion by comparing differences of chromosome abnormalities and copy number variation in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and sporadic abortion (SA). Methods A total of 402 aborted tissue from 158 RSA patients and 244 SA patients were collected for CNV-seq detection. The chromosome karyotypes in peripheral blood of couples with suspected chromosomal abnormality were detected with high resolution. Results In 402 samples, 2 cases were failed, and the detection success rate was 99.5% (400/402). A total of 238 (59.5%) chromosome abnormalities were detected in 400 samples, including 212 (89.1%) chromosome number abnormalities, 25 (10.5%) pathogenic copy number variation and 1 (0.4%) uniparental disomy. There were no significant differences in the overall incidence rate of chromosome abnormality, aneuploid abnormality and triploid between the two groups. The proportion of pathogenic copy number variation in chromosome abnormalities was significantly higher in the RSA group than that in the SA group (P<0.05). A total of 4 balanced translocation carriers were detected by high-resolution peripheral blood karyotype analysis. During the age range of 35-39, the rate of chromosomal abnormality was significantly higher in the SA group than that in the RSA group (P<0.05). In both the RSA group and the SA group, the chromosomal abnormality rate in the first trimester abortion was significantly higher than that in the second trimester abortion, while the rate of POCs chromosomal abnormalities was higher in the SA group than that in the RSA group in the first trimester abortion (P<0.05). Conclusion CNV-seq can accurately diagnose the numerical chromosomal abnormalities and the duplication/deletion of chromosome fragments in embryos, which is equally important in the genetic etiology diagnosis of RSA and SA, and can provide sufficient evidence for the guidance of reproduction. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical features of hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with intracranial tuberculosis SHAO Hongxia, WU Juanjuan, YU Hongzhi, WU Qi, WU Junping 2024, 52 (5):  495-498.  doi: 10.11958/20231092 Abstract ( 296 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (777KB) ( 97 )   Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with intracranial tuberculosis in order to improve the diagnostic consciousness of clinicians. Methods A total of 341 patients with hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis were included in this study, and 83 cases of them were hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with intracranial tuberculosis. Clinical data of patient gender, age, past-history and symptoms were collected and analyzed. Sputum acid fast staining, sputum mycobacterium tuberculosis culture, sputum gene X-pert Mtb/RIF were performed. Intracranial pressure, cerebrospinal fluid routine and biochemistry, cerebrospinal fluid acid fast staining, mycobacterium tuberculosis culture and Xpert were performed. Blood routine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, tuberculosis antibody, tuberculosis T cell spot test (T-SPOT) were performed. Chest CT scan, head CT scan and contrast-enhanced scan, head MRI scan and enhanced scan were performed. Results The main symptoms of 83 patients with intracranial tuberculosis were fever (74 cases) and headache (53 cases). Eleven patients were combined with diabetes mellitus, and 9 cases were treated with hormone/immunosuppressive agents. There were 4 cases combined with pregnancy/childbirth/abortion, and 6 cases with abdominal tuberculosis. Six cases were combined with osteoarticular tuberculosis, 2 cases with reproductive system tuberculosis, 1 case with lymph node tuberculosis, 1 case with urinary system tuberculosis, and 1 case with oral mucosa tuberculosis. Serum sodium was decreased (< 135 mmol/L) in 49 cases, and the mean serum sodium was 131.0 (126.2, 135.8) mmol/L. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels were ≥1 g/L in 44 patients, CSF glucose levels were < 2.2 mmol/L in 37 patients, and CSF adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels were ≥6 U/L in 25 patients. All 83 patients underwent chest CT examination, and 64 cases showed miliary nodules, 33 cases showed simple acute hematologic disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis. Subacute and chronic hematologic disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis were found in 21 cases, and 29 cases were combined with secondary pulmonary tuberculosis. Among them, 34 patients underwent head CT examination, and result showed infarction in 10 cases, tuberculoma in 4 cases and hydrocephalus in 1 case. Brain MRI was performed in 51 cases, including 10 cases of enhanced meninges in the basal part of brain, 7 cases of cerebral infarction and 4 cases of tuberculoma. Conclusion Fully assessment of age, symptoms, chest CT, head imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, serum sodium of patients with hematopoietic tuberculosis is helpful for the diagnosis of intracranial tuberculosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation study between high altitude IBS and intestinal barrier damage, inflammatory mediators and neurotransmitters ZHANG Xingguang, WANG Bangmao, LIU Taotao, ZHANG Wencheng, DONG Yanmei, LI Xiaoqing, NIU Haiyan, XIA Shihai 2024, 52 (5):  499-504.  doi: 10.11958/20230882 Abstract ( 243 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (2294KB) ( 85 )   Objective To analyzing changes of indicators related to intestinal barrier damage, neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the plateau environment, and explore the underlying pathogenesis of IBS. Methods A prospective cohort observation was conducted on 81 healthy male Han Chinese volunteers who were admitted to Lhasa of Tibe from plain. The study lasted for one year. During the one-year follow-up, 13 patients who developed IBS (Rome Ⅳ) were selected as the study subjects. Additionally 11 participants who remained healthy were randomly selected as the control group (named NC). Eleven participants who entered Lhasa from plain within one week and did not develop acute mountain sickness were randomly selected as the NC early group. Serum levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the end of the follow-up period, colonoscopy and intestinal mucosal biopsy were performed in 9 cases of IBS, while colonoscopy was performed in 4 cases of NC. Results Colonoscopy and pathological results of IBS patients in plateau environment suggested mild inflammation of intestinal mucosa. Compared to the NC early group, the NC group showed increased levels of 5-HT, DAO, I-FABP, IL-6, IL-17A and LPS at 3 months after entering Lassa, and increased levels of 5-HT, I-FABP, IL-6, and LPS at 6 months (P<0.05). Compared with the NC group, the IBS group showed decreased levels of 5-HT and LPS at 3 months after entering Lhasa (P<0.05). Serological indexes of NC group at 6 months were lower than those at 3 months in the NC group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in serological indexes at 3 and 6 months of the IBS group. Conclusion Indicators of intestinal mucosal barrier damage, neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators might be involved in the development of IBS in plateau environment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between plasma Aβ and P-tau181 levels and cognitive impairment in maintenance hemodialysis patients LIU Minglin, FENG Xia, CHEN Yixin, LENG Xingli, WANG Shaoqing 2024, 52 (5):  505-508.  doi: 10.11958/20231180 Abstract ( 269 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (819KB) ( 91 )   Objective To investigate the correlation between plasma β-like amyloid (Aβ), phosphorylated tau181 protein (P-tau181) levels and cognitive impairment (CI) in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Methods One hundred and twenty-two MHD patients were divided into the CI group (MoCA score<26, n=47) and the non-CI group (MoCA score≥26, n=75) according to Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) score. Plasma Aβ and P-tau181 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosoradsorption assay. The clinical data were compared between the two groups of patients. Spearman's analysis was used to analyze the correlation between MoCA score and plasma Aβ and P-tau181 levels in MHD patients. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze influencing factors of concurrent CI in MHD patients. The value of plasma Aβ, P-tau181 levels in diagnosing concurrent CI in MHD patients was analyzed by applying the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Results Compared with the non-CI group, patients in the CI group had lower proportions of hypertension, years of education and diastolic blood pressure, and higher proportions of diabetes, P-tau181 and Aβ levels (P < 0.05). Plasma Aβ and P-tau181 levels were negatively correlated with MOCA scores in MHD patients (rs=-0.343, -0.402, respectively, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated P-tau181 and Aβ were risk factors for concurrent CI in MHD patients. ROC curves showed that the areas under the curves for plasma Aβ, P-tau181 and the combination of the two for diagnosis of concurrent CI in MHD patients were 0.725, 0.752 and 0.801, respectively. The difference in diagnostic value between the three was not statistically significant. Conclusion Elevated plasma levels of Aβ and P-tau181 are correlated with the occurrence of CI in MHD patients, and both have good diagnostic value for CI in patients with MHD. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study on the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure in the treatment of grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia SUN Junjie, GUO Sujie, LI Honglin, YUE Yingying, WANG Xingfen 2024, 52 (5):  509-513.  doi: 10.11958/20231056 Abstract ( 222 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1063KB) ( 77 )   Objective To evaluate the efficacy and incidence of adverse events of photodynamic therapy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) in the treatment of grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2). Methods Forty CIN2 patients were divided into the photodynamic group (20 cases) and LEEP group (20 cases) according to different treatment options. Follow ups were conducted at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment. High-risk HPV virus (HR-HPV), vaginal microbiota, colposcopy examination and cervical biopsy results were compared between the two groups. Adverse events were recorded. Results There was no significant difference in the composition of lesion reversal, residual lesions and progression after 3 months of treatment between the two groups of patients. After 6 months of treatment, one case relapsed in the photodynamic group, and 12 months after treatment one case relapsed in the LEEP group. Both cases of cervical biopsy pathology were CIN1 grade. There were no significant differences in the conversion rate of HR-HPV and the proportion of normal vaginal microbiota between the two groups of patients at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The proportion of normal vaginal microbiota in the photodynamic group increased sequentially at 12 months after treatment compared to 3 and 6 months after treatment. During the photodynamic treatment, the pain was tolerable in the photodynamic group, while in the LEEP group, the pain was obviously accompanied by bleeding. After treatment, patients in both groups had increased vaginal discharge and lower abdominal pain, but in the LEEP group, local cervical scars formed and one case experienced vaginal bleeding. Conclusion Photodynamic therapy is effective on treating CIN2, with a high negative conversion rate of HR-HPV and almost no damage to the cervix, especially suitable for patients with fertility requirements. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy of totally extraperitoneal Sublay in the treatment of lumbar hernia DU Chenyang, LUO Wen, WANG Yong, DUAN Xin, KE Wenjie, SHI Nian, WU Yingxiang 2024, 52 (5):  514-517.  doi: 10.11958/20231225 Abstract ( 269 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (764KB) ( 131 )   Objective To explore the advantages of laparoscopic total extraperitoneal Sublay (TES) mesh repair for lumbar hernia, and to analyze the complications after lumbar hernia repair surgery. Methods Sixty-eight patients with lumbar hernia were divided into the open Sublay group (n=30) and the TES group (n=38). All patients were treated with lightweight, large mesh patches. The time of operation, the amount of bleeding during operation, the time of first exhaust after operation, the diet at 6 hours after operation, the pain visual analogue scale (VAS) at 1 and 3 days after operation, the time of hospitalization after operation, the recovery of unrestricted activity at 2 weeks after operation, the complications and the recurrence of lumbar hernia were observed in the two groups. According to the postoperative complications, patients were divided into two groups: the complication group (n=22) and the non-complication group (n=46). The characteristics of postoperative complications of lumbar hernia were analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in the time of operation between the open Sublay group and the TES group. Compared with the open Sublay group, there were decreased intraoperative blood loss, the earlier first exhaust time, the lower pain VAS score on the 1st and 3rd day after operation, the more proportion of patients resumed fluid diet at 6 h after operation, the shorter hospital stay, increased non-restrictive activity in two weeks and reduced complication rate in the TES group (P<0.05). No recurrence occurred in all patients during the follow-up period. Compared with the non complication group, the complication group had a higher proportion of patients with age ≥ 60 years, secondary lumbar hernia, hernia sac diameter ≥ 5 cm, preoperative incarceration, open sublay, surgical time ≥ 100 minutes and intraoperative bleeding ≥ 10 mL (P<0.05). Conclusion Laparoscopic TES repair for lumbar hernia has the advantages of faster recovery and fewer postoperative complications compared to open Sublay repair, which is safer and more effective. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and significance of AIM2 inflammasome in patients with acute gouty arthritis CHU Jiyan, TIAN Jing, FU Diyu, GUO Lin, SUN Rui, LI Ping 2024, 52 (5):  518-522.  doi: 10.11958/20231205 Abstract ( 249 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (819KB) ( 66 )   Objective To investigate the expression and role of melanoma 2 (AIM2), Caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) in the pathogenesis of acute gouty arthritis (AGA). Methods Clinical data, biochemical indices and blood samples were collected from 30 patients with AGA (the AGA group) and 30 healthy volunteers (the HC group). Blood cell analyzer was used to detect serum white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and platelet count (PLT). Automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood uric acid (UA), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alaine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Fluorescence quantitative assay was used to measure serum level of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Western blot was performed to detect the relative protein expression levels of AIM2, Caspase-1, GSDMD, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18. Results Compared with the HC group, the AGA group showed increased levels of blood biochemical indicators, including WBC, PLT, ESR, CRP, UA, TC, TG, Scr and Ccr (P<0.05). The serum levels of dsDNA, IL-1β and IL-18 were also increased in the AGA group. Furthermore, the relative protein expression levels of AIM2, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 in PBMCs were all increased (P<0.05). In PBMCs, the protein expression level of AIM2 was positively correlated with that of Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 (r or rs values were 0.965, 0.986, 0.928 and 0.737, respectively, all P<0.01). Conclusion The expression of AIM2 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis pathway related molecules (AIM2/Caspase-1/GSDMD) is increased in AGA, which may be involved in the immune inflammatory response of AGA. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of ultrasound-guided adductor canal block combined with general anesthesia on postoperative pain and cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty HAN Zhengyi, LI Rui, CHEN Qi, WANG Jiayou, SHENG Kui, SONG Jie, ZHANG Ye 2024, 52 (5):  523-527.  doi: 10.11958/20231230 Abstract ( 311 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (793KB) ( 161 )   Objective To investigate the impact of adductor canal block combined with general anesthesia on postoperative pain and cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods A total of 72 elderly patients undergoing elective TKA were selected and divided into the control group and the observation group with 36 patients in each group using a random number table method. The control group was given simple general intravenous anesthesia, and the observation group received adductor canal block under ultrasound guidance combined with general anesthesia. Both groups of patients were connected to patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pumps after surgery. Data of heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded at the time of entering the operating room (T0), insertion of the laryngeal mask (T1), 30 minutes after the start of surgery (T2) and the end of surgery (T3). Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were recorded in the first 48 hours postoperatively. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were recorded 3 days after surgery. Additionally, the dosage of propofol and sufentanil, PCIA press times, awakening time, extubation time, first time out of bed and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Results Compared with the control group, the observation group showed a decrease in HR at T1 and T3, and an increase in SBP and DBP (P<0.05). In comparison with the control group, the observation group showed lower VAS scores，along with reduced CRP and IL-6 levels，and higher MMSE scores (P<0.05) at the same postoperative time points. Patients in the observation group showed reduced doses of propofol and sufentanil, fewer PCIA presses, shorter postoperative recovery, extubation, first time out of bed and hospital stay than those of patients in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The application of ultrasound-guided adductor canal block combination with general anesthesia helps alleviate postoperative pain, relieve stress responses and improve cognitive function level in elderly patients with total knee replacement surgery. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early predictors of the severity of COVID-19 in patients with autoinflammatory diseases LYU Mengna, LI Jianbin, WU Rui 2024, 52 (5):  528-531.  doi: 10.11958/20231029 Abstract ( 276 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (840KB) ( 85 )   Objective To investigate the value of blood cell ratio and inflammation index in predicting the severity of autoinflammatory disease (AIDs) complicated by corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods Based on the severity of COVID-19, 148 patients with AIDs combined with COVID-19 were categorized into two groups: the mild case group (n=100) and the severe case group (n=48). Laboratory indicators, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and white blood cell to C-reactive protein ratio (LeCR), were compared between the two groups within 24 to 72 h after infection. Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for the severity of AIDs patients with COVID-19. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive value of indicators for the severity of AIDs and COVID-19. Results ESR, CRP, platelet count (PLT), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio (CLR), C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR), SII and platelet-to-albumin ratio (PAR) were higher in the severe case group than those in the mild case group. The mean platelet volume (MPV), lymphocyte count (LYM), albumin count (Alb) and LeCR levels were lower in the severe case group than those in the severe case group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that elevated levels of ESR was an independent risk factor for the severity of COVID-19 in patients with AIDs, while increased levels of LeCR and SII acted as protective factors. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that LeCR was better than ESR and SII in predicting the severe of COVID-19 in AIDs patients. Conclusion ESR, SII and LeCR are effective indicators for predicting the severity of disease associated with AIDs and COVID-19. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of nutritional status and pregnancy outcome in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum WANG Jingjing, ZHANG Ming, NIU Chen, QI Yumei 2024, 52 (5):  532-535.  doi: 10.11958/20231046 Abstract ( 293 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (817KB) ( 74 )   Objective To investigate the nutritional status of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) patients and its influence on pregnancy outcome. Methods A total of 153 cases of HG and their newborns were taken as the observation group, and 350 cases of healthy women and their newborns were used as the control group. The characteristics of pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes were compared between the two groups. In patients with HG, 7 newborns were in the low birth weight group and 146 cases in the normal birth weight group. The levels of fast reaction protein, vitamin and trace element were analyzed in the two groups. Results Compared with the control group, the mean birth weight of newborns was lower, the preterm birth rate was higher, the proportion of low birth weight was higher and the probability of female birth was higher in the observation group (P<0.05). Micronutrient deficiency was common in the observation group, especially vitamin D, serum manganese and zinc deficiency. Compared with the normal body weight group, more weight loss and lower levels of zinc, iron and vitamin C during pregnancy in the low birth weight group (P<0.05). Conclusion HG patients should pay attention to the supplementation of vitamin D, manganese, and zinc. Low birth weight of newborns is associated with a higher level of decline in pregnancy body weight and lower levels of zinc, iron,and vitamin C during pregnancy. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Applied Research

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Nomogram construction and validation for predicting the possibility successful implementation of radical surgery in gallbladder cancer patients ZHENG Kangpeng, TANG Xinguo, XU Qi, FAN Yuting, LIANG Bo, FU Xiaowei, FANG Lu 2024, 52 (5):  536-540.  doi: 10.11958/20231560 Abstract ( 310 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1090KB) ( 83 )   Objective To develop a nomogram for predicting the successful implementation of radical surgery for gallbladder cancer (GBC). Methods A total of 320 patients with GBC who underwent surgical procedures including radical surgery, palliative excision, abdominal exploration, and biopsy were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into the training set (235 cases) and the verification set (85 cases) according to the time of inclusion. By comparing the clinical data of patients undergoing radical surgery and patients with non-radical surgery, multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the prediction model affecting the successful implementation of radical surgery in GBC patients, and a column graph was drawn. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve were used to evaluate the differentiation and calibration of the prediction model. Clinical decision curve (DCA) was used to evaluate the practical utility of the nomogram prediction model. Results Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in weight loss, jaundice, hypertension, lymph node metastasis, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin (HB), albumin (ALB), CA19-9, CA125, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin between the radical surgery group and the non-radical surgery group (P<0.05). These 11 potential predictors were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis in the training set, and results showed that no jaundice, hypertension, lymph node metastasis, elevated HB and ALB, and decreased CA19-9 were predictive factors for the successful implementation of radical GBC surgery. A nomogram was established based on 6 independent risk factors obtained by Logistic regression. In the training group and the verification group, the area under the curve of the nomogram was 0.901 and 0.822, respectively, and the model has good differentiation. Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the model was well calibrated (χ2=5.740, P=0.676). The calibration curve of the model was close to ideal curve, indicating that the observed results were in good agreement with the actual results. The DCA curve showed that the model had a net benefit and good clinical practicability for clinical application. Conclusion The nomogram can effectively screen patients with GBC suitable for radical surgery, thus reducing the chance of conversion of anticipated radical surgery to palliative resection or exploratory laparotomy and increasing the likelihood of surgical benefits for patients. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Validation and comparison of 6 common model scores in predicting long-term prognosis in patients with NSTEMI WU Jikun, XU Rongdi, XU Jinghan, WANG Le, CONG Hongliang 2024, 52 (5):  541-547.  doi: 10.11958/20231338 Abstract ( 324 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1096KB) ( 234 )   Objective To validate and compare the predictive value of six commonly used model scores on long-term all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods The clinical data of 1 136 NSTEMI patients were collected. According to the GRACE score, TIMI score, ACEF score, mACEF score, CHA2DS2-VASc score and CAMI-NSTEMI score, patients were divided into three groups: the low risk group, the medium risk group and the high risk group. The occurrence of MACE in patients during the follow-up period was counted. Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the incidence of MACE in patients with various risk stratification scores, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test to verify and compare the predictive value of six model scores in predicting long-term MACE. Results A total of 909 patients with NSTEMII were included in this study, and 225 patients developed MACE. There were statistically significant differences in the cumulative MACE incidence rates between the six score groups of low, medium and high risk scores. The cumulative MACE incidence in the high-risk group was the highest. CHA2DS2-VASc score, ACEF score and mACEF score had acceptable predictive value for long-term MACE in patients with NSTEMI (AUC: 0.675, 0.660, 0.662), while the predictive value of TIMI score, CAMI-NSTEMI score and GRACE score were average (AUC: 0.596, 0.618, 0.640). All model scores showed good calibration for predicting long-term occurrence of MACE. Conclusion The CHA2DS2-VASc score and mACEF score have good predictive ability for the long-term prognosis of patients, and can be used as scoring tools for the long-term prognosis of NSTEMI patients. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnostic significance of ultrasonography on free-floating thrombus shedding in deep vein of lower extremity in fracture patients XU Yang, YUAN Yu, GAO Jinmei 2024, 52 (5):  548-551.  doi: 10.11958/20231288 Abstract ( 326 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (817KB) ( 76 )   Objective To explore the diagnostic significance of ultrasonography on free-floating thrombus in deep vein (DV) shedding of lower extremity in fracture patients. Methods The ultrasound and clinical data were collected from 127 patients with lower extremity free-floating DV thrombosis and implantation of inferior vena cava filter (IVCF). The ultrasound data included the echo and activity of thrombus, thrombus activity, thrombus length, thrombus location, thrombus side and thrombus color Doppler imaging. Clinical data included gender, age, fracture site, thrombin time (TT), D-dimer (D-D) and fibrinogen (FIB). The Logistic regression model was used to analyze influencing factors of thrombus shedding in patients with floating DV thrombus (P<0.05). Results Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of thrombus shedding in IVCF. There were 51 patients in the thrombus shedding group and 76 patients in the non-thrombus shedding group. Thrombus was extremely low echogenicity. Thrombus activity was floating or slightly floating was independent risk factors for DV floating thrombus shedding. Patients with extremely low echogenicity of thrombus were 4.182 times higher probability of thrombus shedding than those with moderate echogenicity (95%CI: 1.209-14.468, P=0.024). Patients with slightly floating or floating thrombus had a 4.979 times higher (95%CI: 1.851-13.391, P=0.001) and 11.373 times higher probability of thrombus shedding (95%CI: 3.936-32.863, P<0.001) than those with the tip of thrombus floating, respectively. Conclusion Ultrasonic indicators such as thrombus echo and thrombus activity have certain significance in the diagnosis of DV free-floating thrombus shedding in patients with traumatic fracture. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the role of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in psoriasis LI Min, GONG Jian, WU Weiwei, LIU Qiao 2024, 52 (5):  552-556.  doi: 10.11958/20231583 Abstract ( 302 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (863KB) ( 596 )   The pathogenesis of psoriasis is complex, so it is very important to explore the pathogenesis for the treatment of psoriasis. The Nrf2/HO-1 pathway has a protective effect on cells and is closely related to physiological and pathological aspects such as oxidative stress, immunity, abnormal proliferation of blood vessels, epidermal imbalance and cell death. Currently, some studies have confirmed that Nrf2/HO-1 pathway may have an inhibitory effect on psoriatic lesion, and it may be involved in psoriasis pathogenesis through multiple pathways. This paper reviews the mechanism of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in psoriasis and the research progress in the treatment of psoriasis through the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The role and research progress of microglia in sepsis related encephalopathy JIA Xirui, LIU Lijie 2024, 52 (5):  557-560.  doi: 10.11958/20231735 Abstract ( 292 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (787KB) ( 66 )   Sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication in patients with sepsis. It is characterized by brain dysfunction, and a considerable proportion of patients have long-term cognitive impairment. The central nervous system is one of earliest regions affected by peripheral inflammation caused by sepsis. As resident immune cells of central nervous system, microglia can coordinate inflammatory responses in brain and play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses of brain. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of SAE. In this paper, the functional phenotypes of microglia and their role in SAE are reviewed to explore the potential value of microglia in the prevention and treatment of SAE. References | Related Articles | Metrics