Table of Content

15 May 2025, Volume 53 Issue 5 Previous Issue   
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Cell and Molecular Biology
Experimental Research
Clinical Research
Applied Research
Drug Clinical Evaluations
Review


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Cell and Molecular Biology

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Mechanism study of benzyl isothiocyanate combined with sorafenib in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer MA Chunmei, YU Peng, ZHANG Qicheng, YANG Lei, LI Dihua, TAN Jian, MENG Zhaowei 2025, 53 (5):  449-455.  doi: 10.11958/20250340 Abstract ( 35 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1645KB) ( 14 )   Objective To investigate the mechanism of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) combined with sorafenib (Sor) in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Methods Two ATC cell lines, 8505C and CAL-62, were treated with Sor at concentrations of 0, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μmol/L. The cell survival rate was assessed using CCK-8 assay. The combined dose of BITC and Sor was determined by calculating combination index (CI). CAL-62 and 8505C cells were exposed to 10 μmol/L BITC (BITC group), 10 μmol/L Sor (Sor group), or a combination of 10 μmol/L BITC and 10 μmol/L Sor (BITC+Sor group) for 24 hours. The control group was not treated. The effects of Sor and BITC on ATC cell viability were evaluated using the CCK-8 method. Apoptosis was analyzed via flow cytometry. Western blot assay was employed to detect the protein expression levels of LC3B Ⅱ, Beclin-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to quantify the mRNA levels of LC3B. Additionally, CAL-62 cells were subcutaneously injected into mice to establish tumor xenograft model. Mice were treated with BITC (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), Sor (30 mg/kg, intragastric administration) or a combination of BITC and Sor every other day for 21 days. Finally, the expression levels of LC3B Ⅱ, Beclin-1 and NF-κB in tumor tissue were analyzed by Western blot assay. Results Sor significantly inhibited the viability of CAL-62 and 8505C cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The combination index (CI) was 0.710 at BITC 10 μmol/L and Sor 10 μmol/L, indicating a moderate synergistic effect between the two drugs. In both 8505C and CAL-62 cells, compared with the control group, treatment with BITC or Sor resulted in the decreased cell viability, as well as reduced expression levels of Beclin-1 and NF-κB proteins (P<0.05), and the apoptosis rate, LC3B mRNA and LC3B Ⅱ protein expression levels were significantly increased (P<0.05). When BITC and Sor were combined, the cell viability, Beclin-1 and NF-κB protein expressions were further reduced compared to either drug alone, while the apoptosis rate, LC3B mRNA and LC3B Ⅱ protein expression levels were significantly elevated (P<0.05). In the mouse xenograft tumor model, the BITC+Sor group exhibited increased LC3B Ⅱ expression, along with decreased Beclin-1 and NF-κB expression levels, tumor volume and tumor mass compared to the BITC or Sor groups (P<0.05). Conclusion The combination of BITC and Sor can inhibit ATC cells through NF-κB pathway, induce autophagy and promote apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Elucidation of the anti-head and neck squamous cell carcinoma mechanism of Phellinus baumii polyphenol based on network pharmacology and experimental verification YU Zhaoxia, MA Ben, QIU Lin, GAO Qian, NI Na 2025, 53 (5):  456-461.  doi: 10.11958/20250580 Abstract ( 32 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (6043KB) ( 12 )   Objective To investigate the effects of Phellinus baumii polyphenol (PBP) on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and analyze the potential mechanism based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. Methods Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), DrugBank, GeneCards, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database were used to screen the active components of PBP and potential targets of PBP on HNSCC. The potential target interaction network was constructed using String database, and the core targets were screened by two-step topology analysis. Enrichment analysis of potential targets was performed using the DAVID database. Human HNSCC cell lines SCC-15 and SCC-25 were cultured in vitro using PBP intervention of 0, 25, 50 mg/L, respectively. The cell proliferation and colony formation ability were detected by cell counting reagent (CCK-8) and colony formation assay. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of PBP core target protein in 2 cell lines. Results A total of 280 targets were identified for 17 active components of PBP, 264 of which were HNSCC-related genes. Two-step topology analysis showed that hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1A), tumor protein p53 (TP53), AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), cyclin A2 (CCNA2) and JUN proto-oncogene (JUN) were the core targets. The enrichment results suggested that PBP may play a role in HNSCC through various pathways. In vitro experiment results showed that with the increase of PBP intervention concentration, the proliferation ability and colony formation ability of SCC-15 and SCC-25 cells were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the protein expression levels of STAT3, AKT1 and CCNA2 were decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion PBP can inhibit the progression of HNSCC by multi-target and multi-pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of KRT17 regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway on proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transformation of bladder cancer cells LI Chen, LI Zhan’en, SU Hongwei, HOU Caiyun, DONG Shaowen 2025, 53 (5):  462-467.  doi: 10.11958/20241498 Abstract ( 29 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1472KB) ( 9 )   Objective To investigate the impacts of knocking-down Keratin 17 (KRT17) on proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of bladder cancer cells by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Methods The expression of KRT17 mRNA and protein in bladder cancer tissue, adjacent tissue, bladder cancer cell lines (5637, T24 and UM-UC-3) and human immortalized urothelial cell line SV-HUC-1 were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot assay. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of KRT17 in the tissues.Cells transfected with NC siRNA and KRT17 siRNA were labeled as the NC siRNA group and the KRT17 siRNA group, respectively. T24 cells treated with 20 mmol/L LiCl were labeled as the LiCl group. T24 cells transfected with KRT17 siRNA and treated with 20 mmol/L LiCl were labeled as the KRT17 siRNA+LiCl group. The non transfected cells were used as the blank group. CCK-8, cloning formation experiment and flow cytometry were applied to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. QRT-PCR was applied to detect KRT17 mRNA expression. Western blot assay was applied to detect the expression levels of KRT17, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, EMT related proteins Vimentin, E-cadherin and Snail1 proteins. Results The expression of KRT17 mRNA and protein was greatly increased in bladder cancer tissue and cells (P<0.05). The cell proliferation, colony count, KRT17 mRNA and protein expression, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, Vimentin, and Snail expression were lower in the KRT17 siRNA group than those in the NC siRNA group and the blank group, while apoptosis and E-cadherin expression were higher (P<0.05). LiCl reversed the inhibition of KRT17 knockdown on the malignant behavior of bladder cancer. Conclusion Knocking-down KRT17 inhibits the proliferation and EMT of bladder cancer cells and promotes their apoptosis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Experimental Research

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Protective effect of baicalin on nerve injury in rats with cerebral microbleeds through PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway ZHONG Wenwen, ZOU Zhengshou, XIANG Qingwei 2025, 53 (5):  468-473.  doi: 10.11958/20250606 Abstract ( 27 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1306KB) ( 10 )   Objective To explore the protective effect of baicalin on nerve damage in rats with cerebral microbleeds through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway. Methods The rat model of cerebral microbleeds was established by intraventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and rats were separated into the model group, the baicalin group (20 mg/kg), the LY294002 group (PI3K inhibitor, 10 mg/kg) and the baicalin+LY294002 group (20 mg/kg baicalin and 10 mg/kg LY294002). Rats without LPS injection were served as the control group. The nerve function was evaluated in five groups of rats. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to evaluate the cerebral infarction status. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological morphology of brain tissue of rats in each group. TUNEL method was used to detect neuronal apoptosis in brain tissue. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in brain tissue of rats in each group. In addition, Western blot assay was used to measure B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Caspase-3, Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), PI3K, phosphorylated (p)-AKT, AKT, p-eNOS and eNOS proteins in brain tissue of rats. Results Compared with the control group, neurons in the model group was sparse, with fewer cells and disordered arrangement, the nerve function score, infarct area, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, apoptosis rate, Bax and Caspase-3 proteins were increased, and Bcl-2, PI3K, p-AKT and p-eNOS proteins were decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the baicalin group showed clear improvement in brain pathological damage, the nerve function score, infarct area, apoptosis rate, Bax and Caspase-3 proteins, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-17 were decreased, while protein expressions of Bcl-2, PI3K, p-AKT and p-eNOS were increased (P<0.05). However, the brain tissue damage of the LY294002 group was further aggravated, and the nerve function score, infarct area, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, apoptosis rate and the expression of apoptosis proteins Bax and Caspase-3 were increased, the Bcl-2, PI3K, p-AKT and p-eNOS proteins were decreased (P<0.05). Intervention with LY294002 on basis of baicalin treatment could reverse the improvement effect of baicalin on the above indicators in rats with cerebral microbleeds (P<0.05). Conclusion Baicalin may exert a protective effect on nerve damage in rats with cerebral microbleeds by activating PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Research

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The impact of intrapartum fever severity associated with epidural labor analgesia on maternal and neonatal perinatal outcomes CHEN Wenting, CHEN Guoqing 2025, 53 (5):  474-477.  doi: 10.11958/20250020 Abstract ( 21 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (756KB) ( 13 )   Objective To investigate the impact of different degrees of fever during epidural labor analgesia on maternal and neonatal perinatal outcomes. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 240 pregnant women who received epidural labor analgesia. Based on the peak temperature during labor, the participants were divided into the control group (<37.3 ℃, 160 cases), the A group (37.3 to <38 ℃, 55 cases) and the B group (≥38 ℃, 25 cases). The differences in maternal prenatal data, labor progression and neonatal outcomes were compared between the three groups. Results There were no significant differences in mode of delivery, onset of labor and membrane rupture method between the three groups (P > 0.05). The time interval from the initiation of epidural analgesia to delivery and the time from membrane rupture to delivery were longer in the A group and the B group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Among women who delivered vaginally, the first stage of labor was longer in the A group and the B group compared to the control group (P < 0.05), and the second stage and total duration of labor were longer in the A group than those in both the control group and the B group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in neonatal Apgar scores, birth weight, umbilical blood pH and the incidence of neonatal complications between the three groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Longer epidural analgesia duration and a prolonged first stage of labor may increase the risk of labor-associated fever. Higher degree of fever during labor promotes more active intervention in the second stage of labor, but it does not significantly affect neonatal outcomes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Serum levels and significance of Kisspeptin and LH in girls with central precocious puberty XIONG Xueyi, ZHANG Xuesong, LIU Xiaona, ZHENG Xinyue, LIU Changru 2025, 53 (5):  478-482.  doi: 10.11958/20250395 Abstract ( 27 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (802KB) ( 10 )   Objective To explore the expression significance of serum Kisspeptin and luteinizing hormone (LH) in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). Methods A total of 98 CPP girls were included as the study group, and 91 healthy girls during the same period were used as the control group. Under the condition of no intervention, CPP girls were followed up for 6 months and assigned into the fast progressive CPP (RP-CPP) group (n=46) and the slowly progressive CPP (SP-CPP) group (n=52) based on their developmental status during the follow-up period. ELISA was applied to detect serum Kisspeptin level. Chemiluminescence method was applied to detect serum LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. The correlation of serum Kisspeptin, LH baseline (B-LH) and growth development and imaging indicators was analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was applied to analyze the value of serum Kisspeptin and LH in predicting RP-CPP. Results Compared with the control group, body mass index (BMI), serum levels of Kisspeptin, B-LH, and FSH baseline (B-FSH) were significantly higher in the study group (P<0.05). Compared with the SP-CPP group, BMI, bone age index (BAI), serum Kisspepti and B-LH levels were higher in the RP-CPP group, and ovarian volume was larger (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that serum Kisspeptin level was positively correlated with BMI, BAI, ovarian and uterine volume of CPP girls (P<0.05), and serum B-LH level was positively correlated with ovarian and uterine volume of CPP girls (r=0.218, 0.381, 0.300, P<0.05). ROC curve showed that the sensitivity and specificity of Kisspeptin combined with B-LH in predicting RP-CPP were 95.65% and 82.69%, respectively. Conclusion Serum Kisspeptin and B-LH levels are higher in CPP girls, and the combined of the two has a high predictive value for RP-CPP, which can provide a certain reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analgesic effect of esketamine in children with postoperative limb fracture and construction of forecasting model GAO Yan, MA Wei, ZHANG Yu, LI Lei 2025, 53 (5):  483-487.  doi: 10.11958/20250512 Abstract ( 22 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (950KB) ( 10 )   Objective To investigate the effect of low-dose esketamine on postoperative analgesia in children with limb fractures and to construct a prediction model. Methods A total of 215 children with limb fractures were selected. After surgery, patients received self-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with a combination of esketamine and sufentanil. According to the analgesic effect, patients were divided into the good effect group (154 cases) and the poor effect group (61 cases). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors influencing the analgesic effect of esketamine on postoperative analgesia in children with limb fractures. A nomogram was created to evaluate the prediction model. Results Logistic regression identified the following independent risk factors for poor analgesic effect of esketamine: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of level II (OR=2.731, 95%CI: 1.207-6.180), lower limb fractures (OR=2.990, 95%CI: 1.474-6.063), emergency surgery (OR=2.726, 95%CI: 1.284-5.789) and long operation time (OR=1.059, 95%CI: 1.032-1.088). Independent protective factors included preoperative analgesia (OR=0.338, 95%CI: 0.156-0.731) and postoperative ice application (OR=0.761, 95%CI: 0.658-0.879). The prediction model for the analgesic effect was: logit(P) = -8.140 + 1.005 × ASA classification + 1.095 × fracture site + 1.003 × surgical type - 1.086 × preoperative analgesia - 0.274 × postoperative ice application + 0.057 × operation time. In the nomogram, ASA classification II, lower limb fractures, emergency surgery, no preoperative analgesia and no postoperative ice application were assigned 20, 22.5, 20 and 20 points, respectively. For every 10-minute increase in surgery time, the nomogram score increased by 11.5 points. The area under the curve (AUC) for the nomogram model in predicting the analgesic effect of esketamine was 0.827 (95%CI: 0.741-0.852), with a Brier score of 0.146 and a calibration slope of 0.601, indicating good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2=2.271, P=0.972). Conclusion Esketamine provides effective postoperative analgesia for children with limb fractures. The constructed nomogram model demonstrates high discrimination and calibration in predicting the analgesic effect in children. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prognostic predictive value of peripheral blood T lymphocyte levels and pathological parameters in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer LYU Lifeng, GAO Yake, WANG Li 2025, 53 (5):  488-491.  doi: 10.11958/20250354 Abstract ( 28 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (885KB) ( 9 )   Objective To investigate the changes in peripheral blood T-lymphocyte levels in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (OC), and to analyze their relationship with patients' pathological parameters and their predictive value for patients' prognosis. Methods A total of 60 epithelial OC patients were selected as the case group, and 85 benign ovarian tumor patients were selected as the benign group. All patients in the case group received laparoscopic surgery and were followed up for 3 years. According to the prognosis, patients were divided into the good prognosis group (n=32) and the poor prognosis group (n=28). The peripheral blood levels of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ were detected, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ was calculated. The peripheral blood levels of T lymphocytes in epithelial OC patients with different clinicopathological characteristics were compared. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to analyze the prognostic value of peripheral blood T lymphocytes in patients with epithelial OC. Results Compared with the benign group, the peripheral blood levels of CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ were decreased in the case group, and the CD8+ level was increased (P<0.05). Compared with epithelial OC patients with stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ, high differentiation, no peritoneal effusion and no lymph node metastasis, the peripheral blood CD3+ and CD4+ levels in epithelial OC patients with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, moderate and low differentiation, with peritoneal effusion and lymph node metastasis were lower, while CD8+ was higher (P<0.05). Compared with the good prognosis group, the peripheral blood levels of CD3+ and CD4+ were lower in the poor prognosis group, while the CD8+ level was higher (P<0.05). ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of combined detection of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ to predict the prognosis of epithelial OC patients was 0.952, which was higher than that of single detection of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ (P<0.05). Conclusion Peripheral blood T-lymphocyte levels are correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with epithelial OC, and the combined testing of each index is more advantageous in predicting the prognosis of patients with epithelial OC. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prognostic value of PRMT2, TRAF2 and metastasis-related gene in renal clear cell carcinoma DU Lingyun, WANG Yaowu, REN Nan 2025, 53 (5):  492-497.  doi: 10.11958/20242358 Abstract ( 17 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1015KB) ( 5 )   Objective To analyze the correlation between expression levels of protein arginine methyltransferase 2 (PRMT2)， TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and metastasis-related genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)and their evaluation value for prognosis. Methods A total of 110 patients with ccRCC were selected. The expression levels of PRMT2, TRAF2 protein and mRNA, and the expression of metastasis-related genes [N-cadherin (N-cad), E-cadherin (E-cad), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC)]were detected in cancer tissue and paracancer tissue. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between PRMT2, TRAF2 mRNA and metastasis-related genes, and the effect of PRMT2 and TRAF2 expression on the prognosis of ccRCC patients. Results The mRNA expression levels of PRMT2, TRAF2, N-cad, VEGFA and VEGFC were higher in ccRCC cancer tissue than those in adjacent tissue, and E-cad was lower in ccRCC cancer tissue than that in adjacent tissue (P<0.01). PRMT2 and TRAF2 mRNA were positively correlated with N-cad, VEGFA and VEGFC mRNA expression, and negatively correlated with E-cad mRNA expression in cancer tissue (P<0.01). The positive rates of PRMT2 protein and TRAF2 protein in ccRCC cancer tissue were higher than those in adjacent tissue (P<0.01). The positive rates of PRMT2 and TRAF2 protein in TNM stage III cancer tissue were higher than those in TNM stage I-II cancer tissue (P < 0.05). The 3-year progression-free survival rate of the PRMT2 and TRAF2 positive group was lower than that of the negative group (P<0.05). TNM stage III, PRMT2 positive and TRAF2 positive were risk factors affecting the progression-free survival prognosis of ccRCC patients (P<0.05). Conclusion The expression levels of PRMT2 and TRAF2 are up-regulated in ccRCC, which are related to the expression of metastasis-related genes and TNM stage of tumor, and can be used as the marker for evaluating the prognosis of ccRCC. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between serum expression levels of miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p and the severity of disease in patients with Parkinson's disease and their values in early diagnosis ZHOU Meijuan, MIAO Xiaoxiang 2025, 53 (5):  498-502.  doi: 10.11958/20250429 Abstract ( 25 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (841KB) ( 8 )   Objective To analyze the relationship between the expression levels of serum microRNA-214-3p and miR-124-3p with the severity of Parkinson's disease (PD), and their early diagnostic value. Methods From January 2018 to December 2023, 96 PD patients admitted to Rugao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital were selected as the PD group, and 106 healthy individuals were selected as the control group. According to the severity of 96 patients, they were grouped into the early stage group (I-II stage, n=59）and the mid to late stage group (III-V stage, n=37). RT-qPCR was applied to detect serum levels of miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p. Spearman method was used for correlation analysis. The influencing factors of PD severity were analyzed using multiple Logistic regression analysis. The efficacy of serum miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p in diagnosing PD and its severity was analyzed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Results Compared with the control group, the serum levels of miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p were lower in the PD group (P<0.05). Compared with the early stage group, there were a longer disease course, higher level of homocysteine (Hcy) and lower levels of serum miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p in the mid to late stage group (P<0.05). Spearman analysis showed that serum miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p were negatively correlated with Hoehn-Yahr staging in PD patients (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression showed that disease duration (OR=1.249), Hcy (OR=1.156), serum miR-214-3p (OR=0.925) and miR-124-3p (OR=0.917) were factors influencing the severity of PD (P<0.05). ROC analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of serum miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p combined in the diagnosis of PD were 85.42% and 81.90% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of serum miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p in the diagnosis of advanced PD were 89.16% and 79.66% respectively. Conclusion The serum levels of miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p are relatively low in PD patients, and their levels are related to the severity of disease. The detection of serum miR-214-3p and miR-124-3p is helpful for the diagnosis and evaluation of PD. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influencing factors and prediction model construction of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy complicated with GDM WANG Xinxin, XU Hui, WU Xiao 2025, 53 (5):  503-508.  doi: 10.11958/20242396 Abstract ( 27 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1079KB) ( 8 )   Objective To analyze the influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to construct a risk prediction model. Methods A total of 214 ICP pregnant women with GDM were selected and divided into the modeling group (n=161) and the verification group (n=53) according to the ratio of 3∶1. Patients in the modeling group were classified into the good outcome group (96 cases) and the poor outcome group (65 cases) by means of pregnancy outcomes. The general clinical data and laboratory indicators were compared between the good outcome group and the poor outcome group. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze risk factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with ICP complicated with GDM, and a risk prediction model was established. The verification group was used to verify the model. Results Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age≥35 years old, substandard blood glucose management during pregnancy, vaginal microecological disorder in late pregnancy, high total bile acid (TBA) and high interleukin (IL)-12 were independent risk factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in ICP pregnant women with GDM (P<0.05). Logistic regression model was constructed based on multivariate results, and Logit (P)=1.338 × age +2.196 × blood glucose management during pregnancy + 2.640 × late pregnancy vaginal microecology + 0.112 × TBA + 0.090× IL-12-14.898. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) value, sensitivity and specificity of the prediction model were 0.930, 89.23% and 83.33%. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test revealed χ2=4.625 and P=0.797. The AUC, sensitivity and specificity for external validation of the model were 0.939, 80.95% and 96.87%, and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test indicated χ2=6.379 and P=0.605. Conclusion The factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with ICP complicated with GDM include age, blood glucose management during pregnancy, vaginal microecology in late pregnancy, TBA and IL-12, and the established risk prediction model based on the above factors has good predictive efficiency. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of risk factors and establishment of prediction model of acute pancreatitis complicated with hypotension DONG Dan, CHEN Lijuan, YU Hehua 2025, 53 (5):  509-513.  doi: 10.11958/20250456 Abstract ( 30 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (914KB) ( 7 )   Objective To investigate the risk factors of acute pancreatitis (AP) complicated with hypotension and establish a prediction model. Methods From April 2020 to April 2024, 198 patients with AP in our hospital were selected as the research objects. The incidence of hypotension during treatment was measured. Patients with hypotension were included in the observation group, and those without hypotension were included in the control group. The risk factors of hypotension in AP patients were screened by Logistic regression analysis. R3.5.1 software was used to establish and verify the prediction model of AP complicated hypotension based on the selected risk factors. Results Among 198 AP patients during hospitalization, 88 (44.44%) had hypotension. Advanced age, history of hypotension, combined hypertension, severity of disease, secondary infection and respiratory system damage were the independent risk factors for AP complicated hypotension, and higher body mass index (BMI) was the protective factor (P<0.05). The C-index of the nomogram prediction model was 0.899, and the AUC for predicting AP with hypotension was 0.899 (95%CI: 0.848-0.937). The sensitivity was 85.23%, the specificity was 83.64%, the Yoden index was 0.689, the Brier score of the calibration curve was 0.146 and the calibration slope was 0.735. The risk of AP complicated with hypotension predicted by the nomogram model was in good agreement with the actual risk. Conclusion The nomogram prediction model established based on influencing factors demonstrates good discrimination and applicability in predicting AP complicated with hypotension. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The diagnostic value of uterine spiral artery ultrasound combined with serum CTRP6 and sTWEAK for early-onset preeclampsia SHI Jun, YANG Guilan, YANG Xiaoli 2025, 53 (5):  514-518.  doi: 10.11958/20250404 Abstract ( 21 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (802KB) ( 6 )   Objective To explore the diagnostic value of uterine spiral artery ultrasound combined with serum complement C1q tumor necrosis factor related protein 6 (CTRP6) and soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) for early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE). Methods A total of 104 pregnant women diagnosed with EOPE in early to mid pregnancy were regarded as the EOPE group, and another 104 healthy pregnant women who underwent prenatal examinations were used as the control group. ELISA was applied to measure the expression levels of serum CTRP6 and sTWEAK. Logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze factors influencing the occurrence of EOPE. The diagnostic value of serum CTRP6, sTWEAK and uterine spiral artery ultrasound parameters in EOPE was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Compared with the control group, proteinuria quantification, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and serum CTRP6 were increased in the EOPE group (P<0.05), serum sTWEAK level was decreased, and pulsatile index (PI), resistance index (RI) and peak systolic velocity/end diastolic velocity (S/D) of uterine spiral artery of pregnant women were all increased in the EOPE group (P<0.05). CTRP6, PI, RI, S/D, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were risk factors of EOPE (P<0.05), and serum level of sTWEAK was the protective factor of EOPE (P<0.05). The combination of CTRP6, sTWEAK, PI, RI and S/D had the highest AUC in the diagnosis of EOPE, which was better than their individual diagnoses (Z=5.924, 6.583, 5.664, 5.399 and 7.627, P<0.01). Conclusion The combination of uterine spiral artery ultrasound and serum CTRP6 and sTWEAK can better diagnose the occurrence of EOPE. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The predictive value of the sequential organ failure score combined with Clara cell protein and angiopoietin-2 in ARDS induced by sepsis HU Zhuo, XIE Songbo, YOU Shiwei 2025, 53 (5):  519-522.  doi: 10.11958/20242304 Abstract ( 29 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (786KB) ( 8 )   Objective To explore the predictive value of sequential organ failure score (SOFA) combined with serum Clara cell protein 16 (CC16) and angipoietin-2 (Ang-2) in the prognosis of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by sepsis. Methods A total of 173 sepsis patients were divided into the concurrent group (n=76) and the non-concurrent group (n=97), based on whether ARDS occurred within 72 h after admission. According to the death situation within 30 days, patients in the concurrent group were divided into the death group (n=35) and the survival group (n=41). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum CC16, Ang-2, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6. The levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and white blood cell count (WBC) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer and hemocytometer. SOFA scores were performed on patients at admission. The biochemical indexes, SOFA score, CC16 and Ang-2 levels were compared between the two groups, and the poor prognosis of the patients was analyzed. Binary Logistic regression was used for influencing factor analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the efficacy of related factors in the poor prognosis of patients with sepsis complicated by ARDS. Results The serum levels of CRP, IL-6, CC16, Ang-2 and SOFA scores were higher in the concurrent group than those in the non-concurrent group (P<0.05). The SOFA score, mechanical ventilation time, CRP, CC16 and Ang-2 were higher in the death group than those in the survival group (P<0.05). High SOFA score, CC16 and Ang-2 were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in the concurrent group (P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of SOFA score, serum CC16 and Ang-2 levels in predicting poor prognosis in patients with sepsis complicated with ARDS were 0.806 (0.700-0.888), 0.801 (0.693-0.884), 0.845 (0.743-0.918) and 0.945 (0.867-0.984), respectively. Conclusion SOFA score combined with changes in CC16 and Ang-2 expression levels can be used to comprehensively evaluate prognosis of patients with sepsis complicated with ARDS. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between serum RAR, FAM19A5 and LECT2 expression and glycolipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with metabolic syndrome BAO Jiajun, GU Ting, GU Yunjuan 2025, 53 (5):  523-527.  doi: 10.11958/20250620 Abstract ( 23 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (817KB) ( 8 )   Objective To investigate the relationship between the serum red blood cell distribution width (RDW) to albumin (ALB) ratio, the expression of family with sequence similarity 19 member A5 (FAM19A5) and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) with the glucose and lipid metabolism indexes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods A total of 119 patients with T2DM were selected as the study group, and patients were divided into the MS group (67 cases) and the non-MS group (52 cases) based on whether they were complicated with MS. Meanwhile, 93 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. RDW was detected by an automatic blood cell analyzer, and ALB was detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The ratio of RDW to ALB (RAR) was calculated. The serum levels of FAM19A5 and LECT2 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The correlation between serum and glycolipid metabolism indicators was analyzed by Pearson's method. The diagnostic value of serum RAR, FAM19A5 and LECT2 for MS in T2DM patients was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Compared with the control group, the study group exhibited significantly higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum RAR, FAM19A5 and LECT2, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower (P<0.05). Compared to the non-MS group, body mass index (BMI), duration of T2DM, history of hypertension, blood pressure, waist circumference, TG, fasting insulin (FINS), FBG, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum RAR, FAM19A5 and LECT2 were significantly increased, and HDL-C was decreased in the MS group (P<0.05). Serum RAR, FAM19A5 and LECT2 were positively correlated with TG, FINS, FBG, HbA1c and HOMA-IR, and which was negatively correlated with HDL-C (P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) for the diagnosis of T2DM patients with MS using RAR, FAM19A5 and LECT2 individually were 0.821, 0.807 and 0.793, respectively, and the combined AUC was 0.952, indicating that the combined diagnostic efficacy of RAR, FAM19A5 and LECT2 was superior to their individual efficacies (P<0.05). Conclusion Serum levels of RAR, FAM19A5 and LECT2 are elevated in T2DM patients with MS. These biomarkers exhibit a strong association with indices of glucose and lipid metabolism. The combination of these three markers has significant clinical diagnostic value for T2DM patients with MS. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the therapeutic effects of C-shaped forceps external fixation emergency technique and pelvic belt suspension traction technique in the treatment of unstable pelvic posterior ring fractures MA Xiaotian, YIN Yuhan, YU Zhaohui 2025, 53 (5):  528-532.  doi: 10.11958/20242141 Abstract ( 28 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (865KB) ( 10 )   Objective To compare the application effects of C-shaped forceps external fixation emergency technique and pelvic belt suspension traction technique in unstable pelvic posterior ring fractures. Methods A total of 80 patients with unstable pelvic posterior ring fractures were selected and randomly divided into the observation group and the control group, with 40 cases in each group. The control group was given pelvic belt suspension traction technique to fix pelvic fractures, while the observation group was given C-shaped forceps external fixation emergency technique to fix pelvic fractures. After fixation, pelvic X-ray examination was performed to evaluate the reduction quality of pelvic fractures in two groups. The emergency operation/surgery time, total blood transfusion volume and 2-hour shock index after surgery were recorded. The emergency effects (rebleeding rate, secondary injury rate, secondary surgery rate, rescue success rate and internal fixation surgery rate) were evaluated. The facial expression pain scale (FPS-R) was used to assess the degree of pain before fixation and 30 minutes after fixation. After 6 months of treatment, pelvic function was evaluated using the Pelvic Fracture Function Rating System (Majeed). Results The excellent rate of pelvic fracture reduction quality was higher in the observation group than that in the control group (75.0% vs. 55.0%, P<0.05). The secondary injury rate, internal fixation surgery rate and secondary surgery rate were lower in the observation group than those of the control group, and the success rate of rescue was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The emergency operation/surgery time, total blood transfusion volume and shock index were lower in the observation group than those in the control group (P<0.05). After 30 minutes of fixation, the FPS-R scores of both groups decreased compared to before fixation, and FPS-R scores of the observation group was lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). After 6 months of treatment, Majeed scores in both groups were increased compared to those before fixation, and there were no significant differences in Majeed scores between the two groups. Conclusion The emergency treatment of unstable pelvic posterior ring fractures using C-shaped forceps external fixation technique has shown good results and is worthy of clinical promotion and application. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Applied Research

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Relationship between CT quantitative left heart structure parameters and recurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy complicated with atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation SUN Lusheng, ZHANG Lifang, GAO Junjie, TANG Xiuying 2025, 53 (5):  533-536.  doi: 10.11958/20242189 Abstract ( 25 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (854KB) ( 8 )   Objective To explore the relationship between CT quantitative left heart structure parameters and recurrence after hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and atrial fibrillation (AF) radiofrequency ablation (RFCA). Methods A total of 120 patients with HCM and AF admitted to our hospital from April 2021 to June 2023 were selected. Patients were divided into the relapse group and the non-recurrence group according to whether RFCA recurred 6 months after operation. All patients underwent CT examination, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF), left atrial volume index (LAVI) and left atrial auricular volume of the two groups were analyzed. The clinical data of patients were collected. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of postoperative recurrence of RFCA in HCM patients with AF. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive efficacy of left heart structure parameters for postoperative recurrence of RFCA in HCM patients with AF. Results The volume levels of LAVI and left auricle were higher in the relapsed group than those in the non-relapsed group, and the level of LAEF was lower than those in the non-relapsed group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that persistent atrial fibrillation, LAVI and high left atrial appendage volume were independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence in HCM patients with AF (P<0.05), and high LAEF was protective factor (P<0.05). The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC value of LAVI, LAEF and left atrial appendage volume in predicting recurrence after RFCA in patients with HCM and AF was 0.902, which was higher than that of 0.789, 0.755 and 0.675 of each individual test. The combined prediction efficiency of the three tests was higher than that of each single test (Z=2.177, 2.555 and 3.628, P<0.05). Conclusion High level of LAVI and left atrial appendage volume and low level of LAEF are risk factors for postoperative recurrence of RFCA. The combined detection of the three methods has high predictive value for postoperative recurrence of RFCA in HCM patients with AF. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of DWI and ADC values in differential diagnosis of cervical lymph nodes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma MA Ping, XU Xiaoming, YE Degang 2025, 53 (5):  537-541.  doi: 10.11958/20250046 Abstract ( 28 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1156KB) ( 5 )   Objective To explore the value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods Clinical data of 98 patients diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. This cohort included 65 patients with pathologically confirmed malignant lymph nodes and 33 patients with benign lymph nodes. Prior to pathological diagnosis, all patients underwent routine MRI scans and DWI. ADC values of both benign and malignant lymph nodes were recorded. The diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Additionally, the diagnostic efficacy of MRI and ADC values in distinguishing benign and malignant lymph nodes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma was compared. Results Of the 65 patients with malignant lymph nodes, 42 cases were accompanied by liquefactive necrosis, and 13 cases were accompanied by extracapsular invasion. Most benign lymph nodes showed no signal on DWI sequence, while malignant lymph nodes showed obvious high signal or mixed signals. The ADC value of benign lymph nodes was (1.724±0.365)×10-3 mm2/s, which was higher than that of malignant nodes (1.022±0.210)×10-3 mm2/s (P<0.01). The ROC curve analysis results showed that the area under the curve of ADC value for diagnosing benign and malignant lymph nodes was 0.843(95%CI: 0.782-0.904), with a cutoff value of 1.363×10-3 mm2/s. At this point, the sensitivity and specificity for differentiating benign and malignant lymph nodes were 0.856 and 0.849, respectively, and Youden index was 0.705. When the ADC value was lower than the cutoff value, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for differentiating cervical lymph nodes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were 0.878, 0.892 and 0.848, respectively, which were superior to MRI (P<0.05). Conclusion The DWI images of malignant lymph nodes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma show high signal and low ADC, and ADC has high efficiency in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application effect of bedside contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with gas-water alternating injection method in severe patients with nasointestinal catheterization FENG Hua, WANG Kui, XU Wenjun, LI Neng, ZHANG Hengxi 2025, 53 (5):  542-546.  doi: 10.11958/20242255 Abstract ( 33 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (809KB) ( 9 )   Objective To observe the application effect of bedside contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with gas-water alternating injection method in severe patients with nasointestinal catheterization. Methods A total of 150 severe patients who were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) and emergency intensive care unit (EICU) and required nasointestinal catheterization were collected. Patients were separated into the blind insertion method group (catheterization without other auxiliary equipment, n=50), the ultrasound method group (ultrasound-guided catheterization, n=53), and the combined method group (bedside contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with gas-water alternating injection method, n=47) according to the wishes of patients or their families. The catheterization success rate, feeding standard-reaching rate within one week, catheterization time and incidence of adverse events were compared between three groups. Kappa test was used to compare the consistency of three methods with X-ray examination results after catheterization. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the catheterization effect. Results The catheterization success rate and the feeding standard-reaching rate within one week were increased successively in the blind insertion method group, the ultrasound method group and the combined method group, and the catheterization time shortened in turn (P < 0.05). The consistency of blind insertion method, ultrasound method, combined method with X-ray examination was strong (Kappa=0.730), very strong (Kappa=0.835) and very strong (Kappa=0.911), respectively. Results of ROC curve showed that the areas under the ROC curve of the blind insertion method group, the ultrasound method group and the combined method group increased in turn, which were 0.838 (95%CI: 0.661-1.000), 0.918 (95%CI: 0.763-1.000) and 0.988 (95%CI: 0.959-1.000), and the combined method group had the best catheterization effect. There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events such as hiccup, abdominal distension, diarrhea, aspiration and gastrointestinal bleeding between the three groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Bedside contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with gas-water alternating injection method can improve the success rate of nasointestinal catheterization in severe patients, shorten the catheterization time and without increasing the incidence of adverse events. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Drug Clinical Evaluations

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Observation of curative effect of Qiju Dihuang pill combined with fluorometholone eye drops on dry eye disease due to Yin deficiency of liver and kidney CHANG Chunli, CHEN Zeqin, LIU Quanbao, SHENG Yanfen 2025, 53 (5):  547-550.  doi: 10.11958/20250411 Abstract ( 28 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (777KB) ( 6 )   Objective To investigate the efficacy of Qiju Dihuang pill combined with fluorometholone eye drops on dry eye disease (DED) due to Yin deficiency of liver and kidney and its impact on the ocular surface function of patients. Methods Ninety-two patients with DED admitted to our hospital from April 2021 to May 2024 were gathered and assigned into two groups using a random number table method, with 46 patients in each group. The conventional group was treated with fluorometholone eye drops, while the combination group was treated with Qiju Dihuang pills on the basis of the conventional group. The efficacy, tear film break up time (TBUT), length of tear infiltration, corneal fluorescein staining (FLS) and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) of DED patients were compared between the two groups, and adverse reactions were evaluated. Results After treatment, the length of TBUT and tear infiltration were significantly increased in the two groups（P<0.05), OSDI and FLS scores were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and changes were more significant in the combined group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). The efficacy of the combination group was 91.30% (42/46), which was higher than that of the conventional group, 76.09% (35/46) (P<0.05). Conclusion The combination of Qiju Dihuang pill and flumilone eye drops has good therapeutic effect for patients with DED of Yin deficiency of liver and kidney. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical efficacy of Xingqi Tongjiang tablets in treating postprandial distress syndrome of liver-stomach disharmony syndrome WANG Xuemei, ZHANG Wei, ZHOU Xun, LIU Chong 2025, 53 (5):  551-555.  doi: 10.11958/20250337 Abstract ( 29 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (775KB) ( 7 )   Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of Xingqi Tongjiang tablets in treating postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) of liver-stomach disharmony syndrome and its impact on electrogastrogram indicators. Methods A total of 300 patients with PDS were prospectively selected and randomly divided into the control group (treated with mosapride citrate + placebo of Xingqi Tongjiang tablets, n=151) and the observation group (treated with mosapride citrate + Xingqi Tongjiang tablets, n=149) according to the random number table method. The levels of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scores, clinical efficacy, electrogastrography indicators, negative emotion scores, quality of life scores and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results After treatment, the TCM syndrome scores of both groups decreased, and the scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the percentages of normal gastric slow waves (NGSW) in the overall stomach and gastric antrum before and after meals of both groups increased, and the proportion of slow waves (SR) decreased. Moreover, the increased NGSW and the decreased SR in the observation group were more significant (P<0.05). The scores of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) decreased after treatment in both groups, and the scores of the observation group were lower (P<0.05). The scores of the Nepean Dyspepsia Quality of Life Index (NDLQI) increased after treatment in both groups, and the scores of the observation group were higher (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in adverse reactions between the two groups. Conclusion Xingqi Tongjiang tablets can effectively improve the electrogastrogram indicators of patients with postprandial distress syndrome of liver-stomach disharmony syndrome, and enhance clinical efficacy. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

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The application progress of nanomaterials in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease DENG Zihao, HUANG Xinyang, ZHONG Kunjiang, ZHAO Bo 2025, 53 (5):  556-560.  doi: 10.11958/20251227 Abstract ( 26 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (768KB) ( 9 )   Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are chronic progressive diseases characterized by endothelial dysfunction, and their traditional therapies have limitations. In recent years, nanocarrier systems have demonstrated significant advantages in targeted delivery, enhancing drug safety and efficacy, thereby offering new strategies for precise diagnosis and treatment of ASCVD. Nanomaterials, including polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and bio-inspired nanoparticles, can effectively intervene key pathological processes of ASCVD. They achieve therapeutic effects by regulating macrophage balance, preserving endothelial cell function, maintaining smooth muscle cell contractile phenotype and modulating platelet activity. This review summarizes the application characteristics and research progress of different types of nanomaterials in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD, and provides insights into the challenges and future prospects of this field. References | Related Articles | Metrics